Vertical restraints can take numerous forms, ranging from a requirement that dealers accept returns of a manufacturer’s product, to resale price maintenance agreements setting price that dealers can charge for the manufacturer’s product.

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For most vertical restraints, competition concerns can only arise if there is insufficient competition at one or more levels of trade, that is, if there is some degree of market power at the level of the supplier or the buyer level.

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Vertical restraints are generally less harmful than horizontal restraints and may provide substantial scope for efficiencies and this is what we can demonstrate through economic analysis approach.